A case of elevated caeruloplasmin

HOSP # WARD Pathcare private laboratory
CONSULTANT   John Stanfliet / Jody Rusch DOB/AGE 16 y Male

Abnormal Result

Caeruloplasmin 63 mg/dL (15-37 mg/dL)

Presenting Complaint

Not known. Unfortunately no clinical information is known and only a single result is available.

Final Diagnosis

Probably a benign raised caeruloplasmin

Take Home Message

This case, sent through by Dr. John Stanfliet (Pathcare) prompted thorough read-up on caeruloplasmin:

What is the function of caeruloplasmin?

Caeruloplasmin is an alpha-2 glycoprotein that stores and transports copper in the blood. It is produced primarily by the liver. It is to copper what ferritin is to iron. The primary physiological role of caeruloplasmin, however, is acting as a catalyst for reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions.

How is it measured?

Caeruloplasmin is usually measured by immunoturbidimetry or immunonephelometry.

Other methods employed are: oxidation of o-dianisidine (ODA) or that of the traditional reductant, p-phenylenediamine (PPD).

What causes a low caeruloplasmin?

Primary deficiency is rare.

Secondary deficiency is more common and causes include 

(1) dietary copper insufficiency (including malabsorption),

(2) inability to transport Cu2+ from the GI epithelium into the circulation (as in Menkes disease), or

(3) defective incorporation of Cu2+ into the developing caeruloplasmin molecule (as in Wilson disease)

What are causes of an elevated caeruloplasmin?

Concentrations are increased significantly by estrogens (e.g. pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives).

It is also a positive acute phase protein thus increased in inflammation. High levels can be seen in active liver disease and in young children where levels can be 50% higher.

High levels is apparently also present in those with lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis.

Other interesting facts

The normal levels of ceruloplasmin in serum are more or less 10x lower than that of transferrin in molar and mass units.

Caeruloplasmin reference ranges in mass and molar units (in grey)


Paracetamol Overdose

HOSP # WARD C15 Casualties
Consultant   DOB/AGE 33 year Female

Abnormal result

Paracetamol 25ug/ml (163 umol/L)     Serum osmolarity 310mmol/L

Presenting Complaints

Brought to casualties with stupor from Mitchells Plein Hospital.

History

33 y female presented with stupor after ingestion of an unknown amount of pills.  Empty container of Amitriptiline and Paracetamol was found with her.

Examination

Non-specific neurologic signs, but delirium present. Patient did have an episode of vomiting.  No pathological signs on abdominal examination.

Laboratory Investigations

12/08/2018: Na 156 mmol/L (H)         Urea 4.2mmol/L       Tot. Bili 4 umol/L K 1.9 mmol/L (L)             Creat 88 umol/L       ALT 82 U/L Cl 97.9 mmol/L (L)          Gluc 3.52 mmol/L     AST 238 U/L                  Ammonia 35 umol/L Bicarb 16.6 mmol/L (L)    Osmol 310 mmol/L (H)        Osmolar gap: -10 mM    Anion Gap: 47 mmol/L    

Marked elevation of hepatocellular enzymes, ductal enzymes within normal range.  Within the course of three days the patient developed Klebsiella Pneumoniae on intubation in ICU with DIC and marked renal failure (Creat 506, Urea 26.8) and demised in ICU 3 days after admission, although liver enzymes were not markedly more deranged as initial presentation.  

Paracetamol: The Paracetamol level was never repeated after admission.  Doing an in-house experiment with calibrator and spiking the calibrator samples with N-acetylcysteine correlating with therapeutic plasma levels, I demonstrated that our method on the Roche analyzer, with the enzymatic assay, causes a clinically significant negative interference in the measured paracetamol.                                                                 

The enzymatic assay principle:

arylacylamidase hydrolysis                       o-cresal + periodate catalyst

Acetaminophen→     p-aminophenol+acetate →    indophenol (measured @600nm)

Other Investigations

Tricyclic antidepressant levels 58 ug/L ([TCA] in overdose patients range from 29-1732ug/L, but has not been found to correlate to clinical outcome, unless plasma level is more than 1000ug/L).

Final Diagnosis

Klebsiella Sepsis (confirmed on blood culture 1 day after death) DIC with marked renal failure.

Take Home Messages

  • Paracetamol reporting units must be confirmed, we generally use ug/ml, but it has created confusion previously, as nomograms used in South Africa generally use ug/ml.
  • N-acetyl cysteine may cause negative interference with the measurement of paracetamol in the enzymatic assay.  Sampling for Paracetamol levels should thus be done before an IV dose of NAC is given to eliminate this possible error.  National guidelines with toxicology will likely be amended.